This is the power point that "goes" with your chapter 20. It might be a good idea to print this off and add notes to it as you read, or just use it as an extra resource/guide as to what you should know.
Louis XV- Succeeded his greatgrandfather, Louis XIV, at the age of five. Louis XV's decisions to restore power to councels and parlament led to a devastated treasury, abolition of the absolute monarchy, and also contributed to the reasons for the French Revolution. Was a major reason France was overwhelmed with debt.
Madame de Pomadour- Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, she was a member of the French court, patron of the arts, and mistress of Louis XV. She influenced the Diplomatic Revolution which allied France with Austria in 1756 which eventually lead to the Seven Years' War. She was disliked and controversial becasue she was of the bourgeoisie class and she influenced Louis' politics, which limited his overall power. Her influence over Louis' rule came about as she slept with him to make political gains. She was disliked by many as she was seen as frivolous and that she slept around for the wrong reasons.
Parlement - Partaining to France. 13 high courts that were the frontline defenders of liberty against royal depotism.
René de Maupeou- A chancellor ordered by Louis XV in order to crush any judicial opposition to that of Louis. He abolished existing parliaments and put the Maupeou parliaments into place that taxed all of the "privileged groups". People sided with the old parliament instead of Maupeou's changes. Maupeou was dismissed by Louis XVI.
Louis XVI- A young monarch that started to rule at the age of 20. All he wanted was to be loved by his people; however, he took control of his monarchy by letting important elites go in order for him to fully take control of the country and its economy. He raised French debt by aiding the Americans in their revolution and was eventually hated and killed by his people.
Marie Antoinette- Married to Louis XVI and had effected his rule early on by making her voice heard through him. She was captured by the French people trying to slip out of France with Louis during the Revolution and had gotten beheaded with Louis XVI. The people did not like Marie Antoinette because she spent money on frivolous items and a palace but in fact she was just doing what normal queens did.
First Estate- Consisted of the clergy of France and was about 100,000 people (only 1% of population). It owned about ten percent of the land and paid only a "voluntary gift" to the state that exempted them from taxes. This Estate levied a property tax on those who lived on their land.
Gallican Church- The Catholic Church in France from the time of the Declaration of the Clergy of France (1682) to that of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) during the French Revolution
Second Estate- 400,000 nobles- descendents of "those who fought" in the Middle Ages. Nobles owned 25% of land and were taxed lightly compared to third estate members. Had exclusive rights to hunt and fish, monopolized on bread making in villages, pressing grapes for wine, and many other entitlements. Had legal superiority and social position.
Third Estate- 98% of population in France fell into this category. Known as "commoners". A few commoners were well educated and rich and they might have purchases manorial rights as a way of obtaining profit and social honor. A vast majority of this estate consisted of peasants, rural agricultural workers, urban artisans and unskilled day laborers. Very different social groups united only by their share of legal status.
bourgeoisie- The upper class of the third estate. The bourgeoisie established the directory and abolished the nobility.
Corvée- unfree labour, often paid, that is required of people of lower standing and imposed on them by the state or by a superior (such as an aristocrat or noble). In France, it existed until August 4, 1789, shortly after the beginning of the French Revolution, when it was abolished along with a number of other feudal privileges of the French landlords.
Lettre de cachet - Were letters signed by the king of France, countersigned by one of his ministers, and closed wiht the royal seal, or cachet. They contained orders directly from the king, often to enforce arbitrary actions and judgments that could not be appealed. They were a prominent symbol of the abuses of ancien regime monarchy, and as such were suppressed during the French Revolution.
ancien regime - Was the aristocratic, social and political system in France from approximately the 15th century to the 18th century under the Valois and Bourbon dynasties. The administrative and social structures of the regime were the result of years of state-building, legislative acts, internal conflicts and civil wars, but they remained a confusing patchwork of local privilege and historic differences until the French Revolution ended the system
Jacques Necker- was a French statesman of Swiss birth and finance minister of Louis XVI, a post he held in the lead-up to the French Revolution in 1789.
Assembly of Notables- Consisted of powerful members of the first and second estate, and was called by Louis XVI's finance minister, the Duke of Aquitaine, in order to gain support for a new land tax to help pay France's debts from wars. The Notables claimed they did not have the authority to approve the tax and they reccomended asking the Estates General, which eventually lead to the grievances of the estates.
Estates General- a general assembly representing the French estates; Clergy, Nobles, Everyone else; summoned by the King of France to help solve some of the countries biggest problems
cahiers de doléances- Were the list of grievances drawn up by each of the three Estates in France, between March and April 1789, the year in which the French Revolution. Their compilation was ordered by King Louis XVI to give each of the Estates the chance to express tehir hopes and grievances directly to the king.
Abbé Sieyés- One of the chief political theorists of the French Revolution. His 1789 pamphlet What is the Third Estate? became the manifesto of the Revolution, helping to transform the Estates-General into the National Assembly in June 1789
“Age of Montesquieu” - 1st stage of French Revolution, The Bourgeoisie phase
National Assembly- IMPORTANT BACKGROUND INFO: traditionally, the rule is one estate, one vote. this causes conflict because the 1st and 2nd estate always vote the same, leaving the 3rd estate with no say at all on the outcome. so when the estates meet, their is instant turmoil. and the 3rd estate refuses to take a seat = the session halts and cannot go on. this happens for about a month, until perish priests began to sit other with the 3rd estate. = the formation of members coming together from the 1st estate and 3rd estate is known as the national assembly. also view tennis court oath, and storming of bastille for other important information about the national assembly.
Tennis Court Oath- Oath was a pledge signed by members from the Third Estate who were locked out of a meeting of the Estates-General on June 20, 1789. The Oath signified the first time that French citizens formally stood in opposition to Louis XVI, and the National Assembly's refusal to back down forced the king to make concessions.
storming of the Bastille- Significance: peasant army now protects the national assembly which was on the verge of being disbanded -- SAVES THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY. Why do peasants need to storm bastille? -because they are convinced the king is going to march into town and pacify them. (remember, the king kept flip flopping between siding with the national assembly or declare absolutism. the king finally decides to be an absolutist ruler, so he sends troops to paris to push out the national assembly, but the peasants thought he was going to assert absolutism on them ) So they want to get the items to arm and defend themselves other info: this is important turning point because now that the national assembly has an army, a revolution can now start that represents that noisy masses feelings. also signals that paris is loyal to the national assembly, NOT the king = king cannot assert himself
“Great Fear”- peasents throughout the countryside rise up against their nobles
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen- Heavily influenced by John Locke and Rousseau and officiallized by the National Assembly, it's 17 points state that men are born and remain free and have equal rights such as liberty, property, security, freedom of press, and resistance to oppression. Every man is presumed innocent until he is proven guilty. Law is defined as being an expression of the general will, with a representative government for a sovereign people. Military is for the food of all, not just one group. But, it does not say how much power the king maintains.
Olympe de Gouges, The Rights of Woman-Mary Wollstonecraft,a feminist, discussed women's rights and potential changes. Felt that strong mothers make strong sons to rule the country and it was important therefore, to educate women and allow them to pass their knowledge onto their sons. Also referred to as one of her most popular and influential books.
Mary Wollstonecraft- Although Wollstonecraft wrote works such as On the Importance of Religious Opinions, A Vindication of the Rights of Men, and An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution, she is best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. In this work, she expresses the idea of how woman are not naturally inferior to men, but they appear to be because they are denied an education. Mary goes on to state that women and men both should be treated as rational beings, and that social order should be structured around reason. At the current time, Enlightenment philosophers and thinkers discussed and attempted to define the ideal society. Mary’s book on the rights of woman, in a way, defined this ideal society that enlightenment philosophers had been trying to figure out. Wollstonecraft’s society was based on the idea that there needed to be equal rights among the genders, which would cause great debate and discussion because this idea is extremely revolutionary. In addition, Wollstonecraft’s work would lay the foundation for women’s rights throughout Europe.
Vindication of theRights of Women- Written by the 18th-century British feminist Mary Wollostonecraft. In it, Wollstonecraft responds to those educational and political theorists of the 18th century who did not believe women should have an education. She argues that women ought to have an education commensurate with their position in society, claiming that women are essential to the nation because they educate its children and because they could be "companions" to their husbands, rather than mere wives.
Madame de Stael; (Anne Louise Germaine de Stael-Holestein) She was a French speaking Swiss author that lived in Paris for awhile and aboard. She is known for influencing literature at the turn of the 19th century. She was a part of the estates general. Her works were done in her name. She had poitical influences as well as social. She took part in salons. Stael wanted to be the first women of France so she would butt heads with Napoloen. Although there was tension, they both supported each other. Stael has many works and has been referenced by other authors in the future.
Women’s march to Versailles- aka Bread March. For a long time, it is a woman's job to purchase food and care for the home. so when price goes up on bread and they cant afford it, they have to take the responsibility that their family will go hungry. Tired with unfair food prices, on October 5th, 1789 a group of woman marched 20 miles to the national assembly to demand for lower food prices. At the same time, they also stormed through the royal courts looking for Mary Antoinette and King Louis because they wanted to bring them back to Paris to show them how rough they live (remember, they hate everything about mary antoinette because she is so unaware or distant of reality). They could not find mary, but did kidnap the king and bring him back to paris(Lafayette and his army helped prevent farther massacre from the angry mob of woman by protecting the royal family and assembly) Significance: the royal court is moved to Paris, and the noisy masses are now control government, because the king has to appease anything they say, or he will die (the liberal revolution is consolidated).
Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 1790-
“Refractory Clergy’- The Clergy members who refused to take the oath of loyalty to the constitution.
83 Departments- National Assembly split France into 83 departments of approximate equal size
assignats- new currency in France which is backed in its value in land. Its worth is able to be guaranteed in land because the National Assembly nationalized the Catholic church and all of its properties, making its land belong to the state.
Flight to Varennes- June 20-21, 1791. King Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, and their immediate family attempted to escape from Paris to start a counter revolution. Their destination was Austria; Marie was a Hapsburg and there were many exiled nobility that they could potentially rile up to gain a backing. They only made it to the town of Varennes where they were arrested. They were tried for treason on December 3rd. Louis XVI was executed on January 21, 1793.
Edmund Burke- anti French Revolutionary. Felt Revolution would only bring chaos and wouldn't solve anything.
Thomas Paine, Rights of Man- A book by Thomas Paine, that states that a revolution is needed if your government does not safeguard its people, and their natural rights
Legislative Assembly- October 1, 1791- September 1792. The focus of political debate and revolutionary law-making. Composed of two groups. they first was mostly members of the bourgeoisie who favored a constitutional monarchy, they believed that the revolution had reached its goals. The second was the democratic faction represented by members of the Jacobians who believed that more revolutionary measures were needed.
Jacobins- Most famous and influential political club in the development of the French Revolution, so-named because of the Dominican convent where they met, which had recently been located in the Rue St. Jacques, Paris. Formed from a group at Versailles of Breton representatives attending the Estates General of 1789.
Girondins- Were a political faction in France within the Legislative Assembly and the National Convention during the French Revolution. They campaigned for the end of the monarchy but then resisted the sprialing momentum of the REvolution. Less radical than the mountain.
Declaration of Pillnitz- Declared the joint support of the Holy Roman Empire and of Prussia for King Louis XVI of France against the French Revolution.
Émigrés- french aristocrats who fled France after the French Revolution of 1789. In 1800 and 1802 Napoleon granted amnesty (overlooking any past offense) to them if they took a loyalty oath.
War of the First Coalition- (1792–1797) was the first major effort of multiple European monarchies to contain Revolutionary France. France declared war on the Habsburg monarchy of Austria on 20 April 1792, and the Kingdom of Prussia joined the Austrian side a few weeks later.
Brunswick Manifesto- Threatened that if the French royal family were harmed, then French civilians would be harmed, It was a measure intended to intimidate Paris but rather helped further spur the increasingly radical French Revolution and finally led to the war between revolutionary France and counter-revolutionary monarchies.
storming of the Tuileries- August 10, 1792. A mob surrounded the Tuileries Palace where the royal family resided. King Luis XVI and his family took shelter along with the legislative assembly.
Paris Commune - 1789-1795.Government of Paris. The commune refused to take orders from the central French government. By 1792, the commune was controlled by the Jacobians who weren't in the legislative assembly. During the constitutional crisis, the collapsing legislative assembly became extremely reliant on the commune for the power that allowed it to continue and function as a legislature.
Georges-Jacques Danton- He was Robespierre's best friend and second hand man that was considered too radical for Robespierre's liking. He was executed in 1794 because he was seen as a threat to Robespierre's rule and his ideas sometimes didn't reflect that of Robespierre.
September Massacres - a wave of mob violence which overtook Paris in late summer 1792. The September Massacres happened because there were wild stories going around that imprisoned counter- revolutionary aristocrats and priests were plotting with the allied invaders to seize the city. Angry mobs invaded prisons and slaughtered half the men and women.
National Convention- After Tuileries, the royal family seeks refuge with the Legislative Assembly, but the Assembly just calls for a National Convention which utilizes universal male suffrage to elect new men, and they essentially choose to remove all of the king's rights and arrest him.
Equality, Liberty, Fraternity- the motto of the French Revolution, including its original themes
Mountain- the french National Convention's radical faction, who were led by Roberpierre and seized legislative power in 1793. Sided with the Sans Culottes.
Sans-Culottes- come to rescue, encouraged by angry men. made of commoners non nobles. Called sans culottes because it means without stockings as they wore pants. More radical and willing to risk it for the buiscut in the Revolution.
Enragés
Committee of Public Safety- formed by the National Convention in April 1793. Was formed to deal with the threats within and outside of France. Led by Robspierre and ended up being a tool for his military dictatorship. Helped contribute to the reign of terror.
Maximilien Robespiere- Chosen by the Mountains that had taken over the National Convention to rule the French people as a questionable dictator. Considered weak because he lacked unity throughout the French Empire. He implicated a planned economy on the society so the Convention could control what society had produced for both the military and the rest of the Empire. He implicated the Reign of Terror and helped start the Committee of Public Safety that helped him control his peasants and nation.
Law of Maximum-
Reign of Terror- 1793-1794 Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands of treason suspects. 40,000 executed, 300,000 imprisoned. It helps solidify the home front because it intimidates people into cooperating so they don't incite rebellion. All social classes were targeted equally. Law of Suspect-
Vendée- A department in west central France on the Atlantic Ocean.
Cult of the Supreme Being-
“Temple of Reason”- A temple for a new belief system to replace Christianity.
Thermidorian Reaction- a reaction to the violence of the reign of terror and resulted in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls.
The Directory: Established when the Reign of Terror ends because the bourgeoisie wanted to be able to permanently guarantee their political and economic power they recently gained. The Directory was established by popular vote, where the noisy masses would elect an assembly -- and the assembly elects a directory. The bourgeoisie always dominate the assembly which granted full authorization to elect whatever director they wanted. Since the Directory was so far removed from the noisy masses, all he has to do is appease the small percent of people who elected him (assembly). Directory continues the war for two main reasons: 1)) having an army of 500,000 men allows them to not have to worry about finding them jobs and dealing with high unemployment 2))having a large army calls for a large amount of supplies = creates jobs at home IN conclusion, they continue the war to avoid economic recession which would most likely result in peasant revolt. Directory's fall to power: bourgeoisie become vulnerable during elections in 1797, where peasants see how the government is not representative at all, and is UNSTABLE. As noisy masses are upset, the directory decides to terminate the current election, and enforce a military dictatorship. However, there biggest problem was they were unstable, and during times of long hardship, people look towards stability ==== Coup d'etat by NAPOLEAN steps in and promises stability Consulate Era-
plebiscite-a vote by which the people of an entire country or district express an opinion for or against a proposal especially on a choice of government or ruler
Napoleon Bonaparte- born to a poor family in corsica, child of enlightment, he was very advanced in the army, and won in Italy. Was not short. Deemed himself emperor of not just France but a significant portion of Europe. Waged wars with Austria, Poland, Russia and Great Poland. Won many territories and expanded France. Ended up getting his butt kicked when Russia, Austria and Great Britain teamed up on him after being pissed at him because he claimed he ruled Italy. He was given his own little island to rule over and the allies were to give him a 2 million dollar a year salary to stay out of their hair. Louis the 18th came to the thrown but was a weak ruler so Napoleon escaped the island and decided to try and take over France again. Allies kicked his butt once more and exiled him.
Consulate Period-
First Consul-
Napoleonic Code- equality of male citizens, absolute security of private property- took away women's rights that made advancements in the revolutionary war.
Careers Open to Talent- gave people a choice in what they wanted to do as a career. appeased the people and was associated with guilds being abolished.
Concordat of 1801- Napolean revived the Catholic church to help stabilize the French people. Pope Pius VII and Napolean signed the Concordat which gave Catholics the right to practice their religion freely, but it reinstated government hierarchy in the church because bishops are chosen by the government and they also pay the clergy.
Bank of France- national bank of France that was created in 1800. Was formed to restore confidence in the French banking system after the financial problems during the revolution.
War of the Second Coalition- Austria and Great Britain allies with each other in order to check the power of Napoleon and France. Napoleon shows off his power here by crushing both the armies of Austria and Great Britain. As a result of this war, France gets Austrian Italian possessions and German territory on the west bank of the Rhine. They also remained in control of Holland, the Austrian Netherlands, the west bank of the Rhine, and most of the Italian peninsula.
Treaty of Lunéville- After Napoleon defeats Austria in 1801, it states that Austria loses their Italian possessions and the German Rhine territory is added onto France.
Empire Period-
Grand Empire: empire under Napoleonic rule.
War of the Third Coalition- 1803-1806 Third Coalition (Prussia, Russia, United Kingdom, Kingdom of Naples, Kingdom of Sicily, Kingdom of Portugal, Sweden) against Napoleon and his allies (France, Batavian Republic, Italy, Etruria, Spain, Bavaria, Württemberg)
Battle of Trafalgar- Naval battle fought between the British Royal Navy against the french and Spanish navy during the war of the third coalition, Britain won by a sizable amount. Britain Lost 0 ships to the 22 ships the French and Spanish fleet lost. Allowed total naval dominance for the United Kingdom and her allies, also crushed any invasion plans for Napoleons invasion of the United Kingdom and world conquest by sea.
Lord Horatio Nelson-British Naval commander during the American Revolution, French Revolution and Napoleonic wars. Died while commanding the British fleet to victory over the combined French and Spanish Fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.
Arc de Triomphe- related to Napolean's deep routed love of classic Rome. One of France's tourist attractions.
Treaty of Tilsit-
Continental System- Britain's ships not allowed to bring goods to Europe. Ended up failing but was an attempt to make Britain sieze war with France and go under Napoleonic rule.. Ultimately corrupt their economic system.
Russian Campaign- or thePatriotic War of 1812 is when the Russian army was able to eliminate a sizable portion of the almost undefeatable Napolean this drastically changed politics in Europe by severely weakening the French.
4th Coalition- The Fourth Coalition against Napoleon's French Empire was defeated in a war spanning 1806–1807. Coalition partners included Prussia, Russia, Saxony, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.
“First” Treaty of Paris, 1814-
Congress of Vienna- A conference of ambassadors of European states, held in Vienna. Took place fro September 1814 to June 1815. The objective was to settle the many issues of war. From French Revol. to Napoleonic wars and the dissoltion of Holy Roman Empire.
Balance of Power- no one country having too much power over Europe
Hundred Days- The period betwee Napoleon's rule and re-establishment of king louis. Was actully 111 days. Ended with the Battle of Waterloo.
Battle of Waterloo- Between Napoleon's army and Seventh Coalition. Napoleon was slow to start so he lacked in entire war. Ended Napoleon's rule and Hundred days of his return from exile.
Duke of Wellington- Arthur Wellesley; first duke of wellington. Believed to be the best political & military person of the 19th century. Was in charge of the army that was against and defeated Napoleon.
This is the power point that "goes" with your chapter 20. It might be a good idea to print this off and add notes to it as you read, or just use it as an extra resource/guide as to what you should know.Here is the
Louis XV- Succeeded his greatgrandfather, Louis XIV, at the age of five. Louis XV's decisions to restore power to councels and parlament led to a devastated treasury, abolition of the absolute monarchy, and also contributed to the reasons for the French Revolution. Was a major reason France was overwhelmed with debt.
Madame de Pomadour- Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, she was a member of the French court, patron of the arts, and mistress of Louis XV. She influenced the Diplomatic Revolution which allied France with Austria in 1756 which eventually lead to the Seven Years' War. She was disliked and controversial becasue she was of the
bourgeoisie
class and she influenced Louis' politics, which limited his overall power. Her influence over Louis' rule came about as she slept with him to make political gains. She was disliked by many as she was seen as frivolous and that she slept around for the wrong reasons.
Parlement - Partaining to France. 13 high courts that were the frontline defenders of liberty against royal depotism.
René de Maupeou- A chancellor ordered by Louis XV in order to crush any judicial opposition to that of Louis. He abolished existing parliaments and put the Maupeou parliaments into place that taxed all of the "privileged groups". People sided with the old parliament instead of Maupeou's changes. Maupeou was dismissed by Louis XVI.
Louis XVI- A young monarch that started to rule at the age of 20. All he wanted was to be loved by his people; however, he took control of his monarchy by letting important elites go in order for him to fully take control of the country and its economy. He raised French debt by aiding the Americans in their revolution and was eventually hated and killed by his people.
Marie Antoinette- Married to Louis XVI and had effected his rule early on by making her voice heard through him. She was captured by the French people trying to slip out of France with Louis during the Revolution and had gotten beheaded with Louis XVI. The people did not like Marie Antoinette because she spent money on frivolous items and a palace but in fact she was just doing what normal queens did.
First Estate- Consisted of the clergy of France and was about 100,000 people (only 1% of population). It owned about ten percent of the land and paid only a "voluntary gift" to the state that exempted them from taxes. This Estate levied a property tax on those who lived on their land.
Gallican Church- The Catholic Church in France from the time of the Declaration of the Clergy of France (1682) to that of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) during the French Revolution
Second Estate- 400,000 nobles- descendents of "those who fought" in the Middle Ages. Nobles owned 25% of land and were taxed lightly compared to third estate members. Had exclusive rights to hunt and fish, monopolized on bread making in villages, pressing grapes for wine, and many other entitlements. Had legal superiority and social position.
Third Estate- 98% of population in France fell into this category. Known as "commoners". A few commoners were well educated and rich and they might have purchases manorial rights as a way of obtaining profit and social honor. A vast majority of this estate consisted of peasants, rural agricultural workers, urban artisans and unskilled day laborers. Very different social groups united only by their share of legal status.
bourgeoisie- The upper class of the third estate. The bourgeoisie established the directory and abolished the nobility.
Corvée- unfree labour, often paid, that is required of people of lower standing and imposed on them by the state or by a superior (such as an aristocrat or noble). In France, it existed until August 4, 1789, shortly after the beginning of the French Revolution, when it was abolished along with a number of other feudal privileges of the French landlords.
Lettre de cachet - Were letters signed by the king of France, countersigned by one of his ministers, and closed wiht the royal seal, or cachet. They contained orders directly from the king, often to enforce arbitrary actions and judgments that could not be appealed. They were a prominent symbol of the abuses of ancien regime monarchy, and as such were suppressed during the French Revolution.
ancien regime - Was the aristocratic, social and political system in France from approximately the 15th century to the 18th century under the Valois and Bourbon dynasties. The administrative and social structures of the regime were the result of years of state-building, legislative acts, internal conflicts and civil wars, but they remained a confusing patchwork of local privilege and historic differences until the French Revolution ended the system
Jacques Necker- was a French statesman of Swiss birth and finance minister of Louis XVI, a post he held in the lead-up to the French Revolution in 1789.
Assembly of Notables- Consisted of powerful members of the first and second estate, and was called by Louis XVI's finance minister, the Duke of Aquitaine, in order to gain support for a new land tax to help pay France's debts from wars. The Notables claimed they did not have the authority to approve the tax and they reccomended asking the Estates General, which eventually lead to the grievances of the estates.
Estates General- a general assembly representing the French estates; Clergy, Nobles, Everyone else; summoned by the King of France to help solve some of the countries biggest problems
cahiers de doléances- Were the list of grievances drawn up by each of the three Estates in France, between March and April 1789, the year in which the French Revolution. Their compilation was ordered by King Louis XVI to give each of the Estates the chance to express tehir hopes and grievances directly to the king.
Abbé Sieyés- One of the chief political theorists of the French Revolution. His 1789 pamphlet What is the Third Estate? became the manifesto of the Revolution, helping to transform the Estates-General into the National Assembly in June 1789
“Age of Montesquieu” - 1st stage of French Revolution, The Bourgeoisie phase
National Assembly- IMPORTANT BACKGROUND INFO: traditionally, the rule is one estate, one vote. this causes conflict because the 1st and 2nd estate always vote the same, leaving the 3rd estate with no say at all on the outcome. so when the estates meet, their is instant turmoil. and the 3rd estate refuses to take a seat = the session halts and cannot go on. this happens for about a month, until perish priests began to sit other with the 3rd estate. = the formation of members coming together from the 1st estate and 3rd estate is known as the national assembly. also view tennis court oath, and storming of bastille for other important information about the national assembly.
Tennis Court Oath- Oath was a pledge signed by members from the Third Estate who were locked out of a meeting of the Estates-General on June 20, 1789. The Oath signified the first time that French citizens formally stood in opposition to Louis XVI, and the National Assembly's refusal to back down forced the king to make concessions.
storming of the Bastille- Significance: peasant army now protects the national assembly which was on the verge of being disbanded -- SAVES THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY.
Why do peasants need to storm bastille?
-because they are convinced the king is going to march into town and pacify them. (remember, the king kept flip flopping between siding with the national assembly or declare absolutism. the king finally decides to be an absolutist ruler, so he sends troops to paris to push out the national assembly, but the peasants thought he was going to assert absolutism on them ) So they want to get the items to arm and defend themselves
other info: this is important turning point because now that the national assembly has an army, a revolution can now start that represents that noisy masses feelings. also signals that paris is loyal to the national assembly, NOT the king = king cannot assert himself
“Great Fear”- peasents throughout the countryside rise up against their nobles
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen- Heavily influenced by John Locke and Rousseau and officiallized by the National Assembly, it's 17 points state that men are born and remain free and have equal rights such as liberty, property, security, freedom of press, and resistance to oppression. Every man is presumed innocent until he is proven guilty. Law is defined as being an expression of the general will, with a representative government for a sovereign people. Military is for the food of all, not just one group. But, it does not say how much power the king maintains.
Olympe de Gouges, The Rights of Woman- Mary Wollstonecraft, a feminist, discussed women's rights and potential changes. Felt that strong mothers make strong sons to rule the country and it was important therefore, to educate women and allow them to pass their knowledge onto their sons. Also referred to as one of her most popular and influential books.
Mary Wollstonecraft-
Although Wollstonecraft wrote works such as On the Importance of Religious Opinions, A Vindication of the Rights of Men, and An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution, she is best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. In this work, she expresses the idea of how woman are not naturally inferior to men, but they appear to be because they are denied an education. Mary goes on to state that women and men both should be treated as rational beings, and that social order should be structured around reason. At the current time, Enlightenment philosophers and thinkers discussed and attempted to define the ideal society. Mary’s book on the rights of woman, in a way, defined this ideal society that enlightenment philosophers had been trying to figure out. Wollstonecraft’s society was based on the idea that there needed to be equal rights among the genders, which would cause great debate and discussion because this idea is extremely revolutionary. In addition, Wollstonecraft’s work would lay the foundation for women’s rights throughout Europe.
Vindication of the Rights of Women- Written by the 18th-century British feminist Mary Wollostonecraft. In it, Wollstonecraft responds to those educational and political theorists of the 18th century who did not believe women should have an education. She argues that women ought to have an education commensurate with their position in society, claiming that women are essential to the nation because they educate its children and because they could be "companions" to their husbands, rather than mere wives.
Madame de Stael; (Anne Louise Germaine de Stael-Holestein) She was a French speaking Swiss author that lived in Paris for awhile and aboard. She is known for influencing literature at the turn of the 19th century. She was a part of the estates general. Her works were done in her name. She had poitical influences as well as social. She took part in salons. Stael wanted to be the first women of France so she would butt heads with Napoloen. Although there was tension, they both supported each other. Stael has many works and has been referenced by other authors in the future.
Women’s march to Versailles- aka Bread March. For a long time, it is a woman's job to purchase food and care for the home. so when price goes up on bread and they cant afford it, they have to take the responsibility that their family will go hungry. Tired with unfair food prices, on October 5th, 1789 a group of woman marched 20 miles to the national assembly to demand for lower food prices. At the same time, they also stormed through the royal courts looking for Mary Antoinette and King Louis because they wanted to bring them back to Paris to show them how rough they live (remember, they hate everything about mary antoinette because she is so unaware or distant of reality). They could not find mary, but did kidnap the king and bring him back to paris(Lafayette and his army helped prevent farther massacre from the angry mob of woman by protecting the royal family and assembly)
Significance: the royal court is moved to Paris, and the noisy masses are now control government, because the king has to appease anything
they say, or he will die (the liberal revolution is consolidated).
Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 1790-
“Refractory Clergy’- The Clergy members who refused to take the oath of loyalty to the constitution.
83 Departments- National Assembly split France into 83 departments of approximate equal size
assignats- new currency in France which is backed in its value in land. Its worth is able to be guaranteed in land because the National Assembly nationalized the Catholic church and all of its properties, making its land belong to the state.
Flight to Varennes- June 20-21, 1791. King Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, and their immediate family attempted to escape from Paris to start a counter revolution. Their destination was Austria; Marie was a Hapsburg and there were many exiled nobility that they could potentially rile up to gain a backing. They only made it to the town of Varennes where they were arrested. They were tried for treason on December 3rd. Louis XVI was executed on January 21, 1793.
Edmund Burke- anti French Revolutionary. Felt Revolution would only bring chaos and wouldn't solve anything.
Thomas Paine, Rights of Man- A book by Thomas Paine, that states that a revolution is needed if your government does not safeguard its people, and their natural rights
Legislative Assembly- October 1, 1791- September 1792. The focus of political debate and revolutionary law-making. Composed of two groups. they first was mostly members of the bourgeoisie who favored a constitutional monarchy, they believed that the revolution had reached its goals. The second was the democratic faction represented by members of the Jacobians who believed that more revolutionary measures were needed.
Jacobins- Most famous and influential political club in the development of the French Revolution, so-named because of the Dominican convent where they met, which had recently been located in the Rue St. Jacques, Paris. Formed from a group at Versailles of Breton representatives attending the Estates General of 1789.
Girondins- Were a political faction in France within the Legislative Assembly and the National Convention during the French Revolution. They campaigned for the end of the monarchy but then resisted the sprialing momentum of the REvolution. Less radical than the mountain.
Declaration of Pillnitz- Declared the joint support of the Holy Roman Empire and of Prussia for King Louis XVI of France against the French Revolution.
Émigrés- french aristocrats who fled France after the French Revolution of 1789. In 1800 and 1802 Napoleon granted amnesty (overlooking any past offense) to them if they took a loyalty oath.
War of the First Coalition- (1792–1797) was the first major effort of multiple European monarchies to contain Revolutionary France. France declared war on the Habsburg monarchy of Austria on 20 April 1792, and the Kingdom of Prussia joined the Austrian side a few weeks later.
Brunswick Manifesto- Threatened that if the French royal family were harmed, then French civilians would be harmed, It was a measure intended to intimidate Paris but rather helped further spur the increasingly radical French Revolution and finally led to the war between revolutionary France and counter-revolutionary monarchies.
storming of the Tuileries- August 10, 1792. A mob surrounded the Tuileries Palace where the royal family resided. King Luis XVI and his family took shelter along with the legislative assembly.
Paris Commune - 1789-1795.Government of Paris. The commune refused to take orders from the central French government. By 1792, the commune was controlled by the Jacobians who weren't in the legislative assembly. During the constitutional crisis, the collapsing legislative assembly became extremely reliant on the commune for the power that allowed it to continue and function as a legislature.
Georges-Jacques Danton- He was Robespierre's best friend and second hand man that was considered too radical for Robespierre's liking. He was executed in 1794 because he was seen as a threat to Robespierre's rule and his ideas sometimes didn't reflect that of Robespierre.
September Massacres - a wave of mob violence which overtook Paris in late summer 1792. The September Massacres happened because there were wild stories going around that imprisoned counter- revolutionary aristocrats and priests were plotting with the allied invaders to seize the city. Angry mobs invaded prisons and slaughtered half the men and women.
“Age of Rousseau”- A period of time during the Reign of Terror that caused Rousseau to be identified with the most extreme aspects of the french revolution.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau#French_Revolution
National Convention- After Tuileries, the royal family seeks refuge with the Legislative Assembly, but the Assembly just calls for a National Convention which utilizes universal male suffrage to elect new men, and they essentially choose to remove all of the king's rights and arrest him.
Equality, Liberty, Fraternity- the motto of the French Revolution, including its original themes
Mountain- the french National Convention's radical faction, who were led by Roberpierre and seized legislative power in 1793. Sided with the Sans Culottes.
Sans-Culottes- come to rescue, encouraged by angry men. made of commoners non nobles. Called sans culottes because it means without stockings as they wore pants. More radical and willing to risk it for the buiscut in the Revolution.
Enragés
Committee of Public Safety- formed by the National Convention in April 1793. Was formed to deal with the threats within and outside of France. Led by Robspierre and ended up being a tool for his military dictatorship. Helped contribute to the reign of terror.
Maximilien Robespiere- Chosen by the Mountains that had taken over the National Convention to rule the French people as a questionable dictator. Considered weak because he lacked unity throughout the French Empire. He implicated a planned economy on the society so the Convention could control what society had produced for both the military and the rest of the Empire. He implicated the Reign of Terror and helped start the Committee of Public Safety that helped him control his peasants and nation.
Law of Maximum-
Reign of Terror- 1793-1794 Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands of treason suspects. 40,000 executed, 300,000 imprisoned. It helps solidify the home front because it intimidates people into cooperating so they don't incite rebellion. All social classes were targeted equally.
Law of Suspect-
Vendée- A department in west central France on the Atlantic Ocean.
Cult of the Supreme Being-
“Temple of Reason”- A temple for a new belief system to replace Christianity.
Thermidorian Reaction- a reaction to the violence of the reign of terror and resulted in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls.
The Directory: Established when the Reign of Terror ends because the bourgeoisie wanted to be able to permanently guarantee their political and economic power they recently gained. The Directory was established by popular vote, where the noisy masses would elect an assembly -- and the assembly elects a directory. The bourgeoisie always dominate the assembly which granted full authorization to elect whatever director they wanted. Since the Directory was so far removed from the noisy masses, all he has to do is appease the small percent of people who elected him (assembly).
Directory continues the war for two main reasons:
1)) having an army of 500,000 men allows them to not have to worry about finding them jobs and dealing with high unemployment
2))having a large army calls for a large amount of supplies = creates jobs at home
IN conclusion, they continue the war to avoid economic recession which would most likely result in peasant revolt.
Directory's fall to power:
bourgeoisie become vulnerable during elections in 1797, where peasants see how the government is not representative at all, and is UNSTABLE. As noisy masses are upset, the directory decides to terminate the current election, and enforce a military dictatorship. However, there biggest problem was they were unstable, and during times of long hardship, people look towards stability ==== Coup d'etat by NAPOLEAN steps in and promises stability
Consulate Era-
plebiscite- a vote by which the people of an entire country or district express an opinion for or against a proposal especially on a choice of government or ruler
Napoleon Bonaparte- born to a poor family in corsica, child of enlightment, he was very advanced in the army, and won in Italy. Was not short. Deemed himself emperor of not just France but a significant portion of Europe. Waged wars with Austria, Poland, Russia and Great Poland. Won many territories and expanded France. Ended up getting his butt kicked when Russia, Austria and Great Britain teamed up on him after being pissed at him because he claimed he ruled Italy. He was given his own little island to rule over and the allies were to give him a 2 million dollar a year salary to stay out of their hair. Louis the 18th came to the thrown but was a weak ruler so Napoleon escaped the island and decided to try and take over France again. Allies kicked his butt once more and exiled him.
Consulate Period-
First Consul-
Napoleonic Code- equality of male citizens, absolute security of private property- took away women's rights that made advancements in the revolutionary war.
Careers Open to Talent- gave people a choice in what they wanted to do as a career. appeased the people and was associated with guilds being abolished.
Concordat of 1801- Napolean revived the Catholic church to help stabilize the French people. Pope Pius VII and Napolean signed the Concordat which gave Catholics the right to practice their religion freely, but it reinstated government hierarchy in the church because bishops are chosen by the government and they also pay the clergy.
Bank of France- national bank of France that was created in 1800. Was formed to restore confidence in the French banking system after the financial problems during the revolution.
War of the Second Coalition- Austria and Great Britain allies with each other in order to check the power of Napoleon and France. Napoleon shows off his power here by crushing both the armies of Austria and Great Britain. As a result of this war, France gets Austrian Italian possessions and German territory on the west bank of the Rhine. They also remained in control of Holland, the Austrian Netherlands, the west bank of the Rhine, and most of the Italian peninsula.
Treaty of Lunéville- After Napoleon defeats Austria in 1801, it states that Austria loses their Italian possessions and the German Rhine territory is added onto France.
Empire Period-
Grand Empire: empire under Napoleonic rule.
War of the Third Coalition- 1803-1806 Third Coalition (Prussia, Russia, United Kingdom, Kingdom of Naples, Kingdom of Sicily, Kingdom of Portugal, Sweden) against Napoleon and his allies (France, Batavian Republic, Italy, Etruria, Spain, Bavaria, Württemberg)
Battle of Trafalgar- Naval battle fought between the British Royal Navy against the french and Spanish navy during the war of the third coalition, Britain won by a sizable amount. Britain Lost 0 ships to the 22 ships the French and Spanish fleet lost. Allowed total naval dominance for the United Kingdom and her allies, also crushed any invasion plans for Napoleons invasion of the United Kingdom and world conquest by sea.
Lord Horatio Nelson- British Naval commander during the American Revolution, French Revolution and Napoleonic wars. Died while commanding the British fleet to victory over the combined French and Spanish Fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.
Arc de Triomphe- related to Napolean's deep routed love of classic Rome. One of France's tourist attractions.
Treaty of Tilsit-
Continental System- Britain's ships not allowed to bring goods to Europe. Ended up failing but was an attempt to make Britain sieze war with France and go under Napoleonic rule.. Ultimately corrupt their economic system.
Russian Campaign- or the Patriotic War of 1812 is when the Russian army was able to eliminate a sizable portion of the almost undefeatable Napolean this drastically changed politics in Europe by severely weakening the French.
4th Coalition- The Fourth Coalition against Napoleon's French Empire was defeated in a war spanning 1806–1807. Coalition partners included Prussia, Russia, Saxony, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.
“First” Treaty of Paris, 1814-
Congress of Vienna- A conference of ambassadors of European states, held in Vienna. Took place fro September 1814 to June 1815. The objective was to settle the many issues of war. From French Revol. to Napoleonic wars and the dissoltion of Holy Roman Empire.
Balance of Power- no one country having too much power over Europe
Hundred Days- The period betwee Napoleon's rule and re-establishment of king louis. Was actully 111 days. Ended with the Battle of Waterloo.
Battle of Waterloo- Between Napoleon's army and Seventh Coalition. Napoleon was slow to start so he lacked in entire war. Ended Napoleon's rule and Hundred days of his return from exile.
Duke of Wellington- Arthur Wellesley; first duke of wellington. Believed to be the best political & military person of the 19th century. Was in charge of the army that was against and defeated Napoleon.
Alexander I-